1Introduction
InformationSystem(IS)projectsbeginbyexamining
andunderstandingthebusinessandorganizationaldo-
maininwhichtheinformationsystemistobeembed-
ded.Thesystemanalysisphaseofinformationsystems
developmentisconcernedwithrepresentingthisbusiness
domain(oftencalledthe‘‘realworlddomain’’).Sucha
descriptionistermeda conceptualmodel:‘‘Conceptual
modelingistheactivityofformallydescribingsome
aspectsofthephysicalandsocialworldaroundusfor
purposesofunderstandingandcommunication’’[1].
Thedescriptionofthesoftwaresystemthatisdevel-
opedinthesubsequentdesignphaseisincreasingly
shapedbytechnicalconsiderations.Fordescribingthe
softwaresystem,theuseofobject-orientedtechniquesis
wellaccepted,andanumberofsoftwaremodeling
methodsandlanguageshavebeenproposed,beginning
withtheBoochmethod[2],Fusion[3],OOSE[4],and
culminatingwiththeUnifiedModellingLanguage
(UML)[5].Asthesemethodshavebeendevelopedwith
thespecificintentionofdesigninganddescribingsoft-
ware,inthispaperwetermthemobject-orientedIS
designlanguages.Themeaningofconstructsusedin
thesedesignlanguagesiswelldefinedwithrespectto
softwareconcepts.Incontrast,conceptualmodelling
languagesareintendedspecificallyfordescribingthe
applicationdomain.Themeaningofconstructsusedin
theselanguagesshouldbedefinedintermsofapplication
domainconcepts.
Whilethedifferencebetweenanalysisanddesign
models,orbetweenbusinessandsoftwaremodels,iswell1595
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